Death of the Algorithm

Over the past decade, Nnedi Okorafor has earned a reputation for challenging and culturally nuanced works of science fiction. Along the way, she’s been shortlisted for five Hugo Awards and won two, earned two Lodestars, and taken home a Nebula trophy. With Death of the Author, she has penned her most ambitious work yet.

Cover of Death of the Author
(Image via Goodreads)

The book explores the enduring power of stories that provide threads of hope across generations. By weaving interlocking narratives and switching back and forth between protagonist, Nigerian American academic author Zelu Onyenezi-Oyedele, and a humanoid robot (a Hume) named Ankara, the reader is offered an evolving, existential meditation about survival. In Okorafor’s vision, even sentient robots will carry these stories forward long after humanity is gone, dancing in the narrative footsteps of the humans who created them.

As the novel opens, Zelu is precariously employed and struggling when she finds success in her first attempt at writing science fiction. “Rusted Robots”, a text that is inspired by personal crises — about robots and bodiless AI — catapults Zelu to the heights of fame (with all the usual trappings, including the degradation of privacy, copyright and moral rights infringement, celebrity attention, and the exacerbation of a long-simmering identity crisis).

The “novel-within-a-novel” structure is often difficult to pull off, especially when the book is framed as a best-seller or a classic of the genre. But Okorafor accomplishes this well, offering a metatextual novel that is compelling and convincing as a bestseller.

Readers will recognize parallels between Zelu’s experiences and the robots in her fictional world. This parallel construction does not hamper the novel in any way. If anything, it keeps readers seeking for more cross-references. After all, patterns help create meaning, which is at the heart of the storytelling (and human) experience.

Within the robot narrative, Okorafor embeds pointed references to current political, social, and personal challenges and these keep the pages quickly turning. Robot factions, for instance, remain consumed by internal conflict even as their planet faces imminent collapse. The blind adherence to a mantra that will cause this collapse, experienced by robots who have literally touched the sun, echoes the arrogance of climate denialists (and worse) in real world countries where wealth is greatest but controlled by a small number of capital holders, whose influence is amplified by vocal factions unwilling to confront the consequences of their actions. Unfortunately, this cultural criticism is somewhat undermined by the novel’s inclusion of a benevolent billionaire (“discount Elon Musk”) Jack Preston, who behaves in ways that seem unlike any real-world billionaire.

Throughout the twin narratives, there is tension between Zelu’s sense of self and independence, and the role that her family sees her playing and seems most comfortable with. For readers whose tastes hew to more fantastical narratives, this more mainstream (literary) storyline may not appeal, and others might find some of the characters aggravating in their entitlement and condescension to others.

Nnedi Okorafor holds up her Hugo-winning 
novella Binti. Her new work is a more
complex and metatextual work.
(Image via ArizonaRepublic)

The twin narratives collide in the concluding pages of the novel. This twist — which nobody in our book club expected — was one of the most satisfying elements of the novel, and for most readers recontextualized the preceding chapters. Fundamentally, this drove home the point: it matters who is telling the story; contrary to the title of the book, the authorial voice is important. It matters whether or not a book was written by an algorithm trained on large data sets ... or by a sapient being providing intention, accountability, emotion, and depth.

While the power of story might be a well-used trope, Okorafor explores it with verve and insight. It will be at the top or near the top of most of our Hugo ballots.

Midwife Crisis (or Regressive Theocracy For Fun and Prophet)

In a year that has been difficult for many in North America, Naomi Kritzer’s new novella Obstetrix reminds us of the solace and strength that can be found through stories. The book, which bills itself as a rebuke to fundamentalist interpretations of religion, is at its core a celebration of the importance of literature (and fantastical literature in this instance) and how it can keep us grounded in times of adversity and stress.

Although it focuses less on
reproductive rights, Obstetrix
still provides commentary
on modern misogyny.
(Image via MacMillan)

Set in a near-future United States where women’s access to reproductive rights have faced further erosion, Obstetrix follows obstetrician Dr. Elizabeth Gwynn. The book’s setup centres on Gwynn’s criminal charges for performing a medically necessary abortion, forcing her to flee North Dakota. This suggests that Kritzer has set her sights on a work criticizing the broad-scale rising tide of authoritarian right-wing misogynist politics in her home country. However, the story quickly narrows its focus and policy issues take a back seat.

Within the first chapter, Gwynn is kidnapped by an eschatological sect and imprisoned in a compound run by fundamentalists with a narrow interpretation of the Bible. These Christian cultists force their children to get married at the age of 14, and expect every married woman to bear children on a regular basis. Gwynn’s role is to serve as their captive obstetrician, handling the complications of childbirth alongside other medical issues that arise on the compound.

Rather than offer us an over-the-top cult, Kritzer depicts a group based on a fairly mundane, bland, and terrifying version of Christianity that is removed from the American mainstream by degrees, rather than leaps and bounds. Their misogynistic control of women is fairly easy to find textual support for in the King James Bible, and the close-minded censorship and rejection of literature is not much different than many Christian groups that sprung up throughout America’s Second Great Awakening. The cult is scary precisely because its most fervent adherents could well be people we all know.

Kritzer has clearly spent some effort thinking about how a person of Gwynn’s educational and professional background might go about solving problems. For example, her approaches to handling the psychological pressures of dealing with the insanity of a fundamentalist sect are informed by medical practice and experience dealing with newborns and distraught new parents.

Since the cult has prohibited all books (even the Bible can only be read by the cult leader Father John), the captive Gwynn first finds comfort in trying to recount passages from a favourite novel titled, The Onyx Dagger. She then builds a semblance of community with select other women in the camp by sharing stories from the book. These other characters go on to play an important role in the denouement.

If anything is likely to keep Obstetrix from the Hugo ballot it’s that the award has often been likelier to recognize works that are more overt in their fantastical elements. This is instead a near-future dystopia that is sometimes indistinguishable from present-day U.S. What little technological progress may have taken place is largely outside of the purview of the story.

Given the turmoil in Kritzer’s home town of Minneapolis this winter, it is interesting that this book — which had to have been written prior to the chaotic deployment of armed officers from Immigration and Customs Enforcement — seems to speak so directly to the present moment. If anything, events are outpacing the fiction we turn to as a source of comfort in these trying times.